In my previous post – https://foxburg.edublogs.org/2024/03/30/robert_traill_pt1/ I spoke about Robert Traill’s story before he arrived in Spain, this post tells the story of his career in Spain.

After my initial post Peter Verburgh commented :

Due to the high number of casualties suffered by the XV International Brigade during the Jarama battles of February 1937 the General Staff of the Spanish Republican Army created the XX International Battalion. This mixed Battalion was made up of four companies: a Polish/Czechoslovak Company, a French Company, an Anglo-American Company which incorporated an Irish and British section, as well as a mixed machine-gun company of Germans and Austrians.

Robert was appointed to the XX International Battalion, as a Captain.  the Commander was ‘Aldo Morandi’  the alias of the Italian Communist Riccardo Formica. Joe Monks, a fellow member of the XX International Battalion tells us:

Command of the Company went to Robert Traill, freshly out from Officers’ Training School who, without combat experience, was appointed Captain; but he was a linguist, having been a translator in Moscow. He was a Londoner originally. In Moscow he had married Miss V. Goutchoff and he was well informed on matters to do with the Soviet Union and Marxism.  With the Reds in Andalusia by Joe Monks 1985

The American section of 20th International Battalion, Possibly Robert Traill standing first from the right

Robert’s skills as a linguist was utilised by the Battalion command:

Then Aldo Morandi, appointed Commander of our newly founded XX International Battalion, addressed us. He spoke in French and Captain Traill translated the address into English. I liked what I heard. The history of the International Battalions only went back to the previous October, but Morandi’s telling of their names and fame as a booster of morale rivaled the very best spirit that the Gaelic race distilled. With the Reds in Andalusia by Joe Monks 1985

*Amendment*

After speaking to Ray Hoff I have amended some of the text

Ray says: I don’t think that the XX Battalion went into Guadalajara.  The Canadians in the XX Battalion report that they were sent south to the Cordoba front in February 1937.   My understanding is that Traill and the guys in the photo of the ‘American Section’ (which includes the Canadian George Watt) were near Belalcazar, Hinejosa del Duque, Pozoblanco and Villanueva de Cordoba.   You’ll have to look at Landis for a description of the fighting.

I think they were there until the end of May when the XX Battalion 2nd Company (Americans/Canadians/Brits) were sent back to Ambite where the Battalions were resting before Brunete.

A Cambridge graduate and an enigmatic figure, Traill had travelled to Spain directly from Moscow, where he had married a Russian named Vera, the daughter of a minister in the short-lived Kerensky government of 1917…Commander of a group of around 40 British and Irish volunteers who were training to form N°.1 section of the Anglo-American Company, part of the 20th Battalion…Robert Traill was described as showing excellent leadership. ‘You Are Legend’. The Welsh Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, Graham Davies

Joe Monks tells us, that despite having limited officer training, and possibly some OTS  from Oundle School, Robert competently led his company into battle:

Our Number Two Company, led by Traill, Dart, Daly and O’Daire, happily followed the textbook instructions, and by a process of plunging to earth as the shells were arriving, then rising with alacrity to run between the salvos, reached the glade in safety. We spread ourselves just below the crest of the green bank. With the Reds in Andalusia by Joe Monks. 1985

Joe Monks has nothing but praise for Robert:

Captain Traill moved from Section to Section on a quick check and then, in a composed way, continued to keep control from his command post. He performed excellently for a man who was experiencing his baptism in small arms fire. He had kept his cool, too, during the artillery bombardments. With the Reds in Andalusia by Joe Monks. 1985

In April 1937 the XX International Battalion was disbanded and the volunteers were reassigned to the 86th (Mixed) Brigade. As Commander of the 2nd Company of the XX International Battalion, Robert was promoted to the General Staff of the 86th Brigade as Chief of Staff of the Brigade, with Aldo Morandi the commander of the Brigade.

A part of Morandi’s diary entry for 25th April 1937 reads:

I can finally consider the general staff of the 86th mixed brigade constituted, a task to which I had dedicated myself since the 12th, even when I remained on the front line with the fighting troops. It is composed as follows:

Chief of Staff: Captain Traill of the 20th, English, speaks French well.

Head of 1st section: Lieutenant Röthing of the 20th, German, knows several languages.

2nd section manager: Lieutenant Mario De Castro del 14th, Portuguese, speaks French.

3rd section manager: the undersigned in charge of drawing up operation plans. Intendant manager: Lieutenant Josè Roballo of the 19th, Spanish.

Two corporals and eight soldiers taken from the 20th battalion complete the force; there are also the two guides. Aldo Morandi diary, with thanks to Peter Verburgh

Unfortunately Robert does not seem to happy in the 86th Brigade as shown below in Peter Verburgh’s  translation of a note written by Aldo Morandi

The note comes from Peter’s post from exactly a year ago – from 2nd April 2023 – A short note about Robert Traill I think the translation speaks for itself.

Copic and Merriman in Spain

As well as the British Battalion the XV Brigade contained the American Battalion commanded by Robert Merriman. Thanks to Ray Hoff we have Robert Merriman’s translated diaries in which he mentions Robert Traill on more than one occasion, most notably when he spent the night (and early morning) drinking with him:

Late session with boys & Traill, Bender & Bill and to bed late. Missed Vidal – just as well got more grenades. Stayed in Hotel. Boys Bill {Wheeler} and Lou slept in haystack. Merriman’s diary 7 Julio  S. Fermín

The excuse for the drinking was possibly the Festival of San Fermin, which Merriman mentions, they may not have ran with the bulls but the XV International Brigade was about to face another test – the Battle of Brunete.

The XV International Brigade was part of a planned major Republican offensive designed to relieve pressure on the northern front.

On the 6th July, the British Battalion moved towards their objective, the heavily defended village of Villanueva de la Cañada, which Spanish Republican forces had been unable to secure. The battalion was pinned down by well-directed machine-gun fire, and forced to take cover, short of water and in temperatures of 40 degrees, and wait until nightfall. The village was captured eventually at midnight, though not before a number of volunteers were killed when Rebel soldiers attempted to escape by using civilians as human shields. https://international-brigades.org.uk/education/the-battle-of-brunete/

It was at Villanueva de la Cañada  on 6th July 1937 that the Stockton volunteer Ron Dennison was killed, I have written about this in a previous blog – Ron Dennison

Records show that Robert Traill was killed on 7th July 1937 at Villanueva de la Cañada. As this is the date that the commander, Vladimir Ćopić, was wounded when attacked by German aircraft we might surmise that, as Robert was part  of the Brigade Staff, he may well have been with him and was killed whilst Ćopić was wounded. Tragically just six days later Robert’s  daughter Masha was born.

The news of his death was reported in the  was reported in the Peterborough Standard.

Three weeks later Robert’s name appeared, with sixteen others, in the Daily worker as having ‘Died for Democracy’. Ironically I have only just found this page from the Daily Worker when researching Robert Traill. Frustratingly it confirms my research as once again Ron Dennison is shown as a Teesside Volunteer, this report is the first to give his home town as Stockton-on-Tees. Robert’s home address in this report is mistakenly given as Radyr, S Wales.

Daily Worker,  29th July 1937 – page 4

Tom Wintringham had been expelled from the Communist Party in early 1938, but as the British Battalion arrived home after the withdrawal of the international Brigades he  wrote to the Manchester Guardian in reply to slanderous accusations:

I have read with some surprise in a London paper that the International Brigades consisted of ‘the lowest dregs of the unemployed’ and of ‘Marxist hordes that desecrated churches’. The Manchester Guardian ,9th December 1938

It seems unlikely that Wintringham had much dealings with Robert; when Robert was in Spain Wintringham had spent four months in Hospital after being wounded on 13th February, and was then allocated to Albecete as an instructor, however he does mention him in this letter.

Our brigades have been called ‘international gunmen’. Let me run through names that seem strangely at variance with this and other labels stuck on us by those who choose to write without knowing the men they are writing about. Traill, a journalist from Bloomsbury, Chief of Staff of the 86th Brigade; Bee, our map-maker, an architect; David McKenzie, son of an admiral; Giles and Esmond Romilly, relatives of Winston Churchill; Malcolm Dunbar, son of Lady Dunbar, our last Chief of Staff of the Brigade; Hugh Slater, journalist, and very neat with his anti-tank guns; Clive Branson; Peter Whittaker; Ralph Bates, the novelist. The Manchester Guardian ,9th December 1938

Whilst in Moscow Robert had worked for the Comintern funded English-language paper Moscow News, which is why Wintringham saw him as a journalist

Vera Trail, his widow was informed,  and used solicitors with Moscow links, Bischoff, Coxe and Co, to administer his estate.

Robert is named on the Burry Port International Brigade memorial which is in the Burry Port Memorial Hall, Burry Port, Llanelli, Wales. The plaque was unveiled on 27th February 1997 by International Brigade volunteer Evan Jones. We are still unable to discover why Robert is named on this memorial.

I met with Masha and her daughter Georgia a few months ago, sharing with them the information I had so far uncovered. To be honest I though that was the end of this fascinating story, but I could not have been more wrong.

As I was about to go to bed on Friday 29th March 2024 I opened a one line email from my friend Ray Hoff:

Since you were interested in Traill, check out Fosa #305 at Fuencarral….

attached was a document from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI)

This was a page of a document  dating back to 1937:

BURIAL SERVICE OF THE INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES.
List of the fallen Comrades of the different International Brigades, buried in the Brigade Cemetery, located in Fuencarral (Madrid).

Ray had discovered that Robert Traill had been buried at the Fuencarral Cemetery, in Madrid. The document also gives his date of death as 12th July 1937, which leads us to assume that like Ćopić Robert was wounded in the attack on 7th July, but unlike Ćopić he succumbed to his wounds.

It appear that Robert was given an honourable burial in the Fuencarral cemetery, his grave will have been marked with plaque, as shown in the image above; although I suspect his name may have been misspelt as shown in the document.

Under Franco’s brutal dictatorship all graves and monuments to those who fought Fascism in Spain during the Civil War were desecrated and destroyed. In 1941, just two years after the Fascist victory, the remains of Robert Trail with those of the other 450 Republican fighters in the Fuencarral cemetery were excavated from the cemetery and thrown into an unmarked mass grave. The graves and memorial plaque you see in the above pictures were destroyed.

It was not until after the death of Franco, in 1975, that Spaniards could openly commemorate the Republican dead. One of the first was the council in Madrid who  unveiled a monument, in 1981, at the Fuencarral cemetery in honour of the of the International Brigaders buried there, it would become one of the most important sites of Republican memory in Spain.

On 28th and 29th of  October 2016 the Asociación de Amigos de las Brigadas Internacionales (AABI) commemorated the 80th anniversary of the arrival of the first groups of International Brigades with events and gatherings in places significant to the battles against Franco’s fascists. On 28th October 2016 the delegations arrived at the Fuencarral Cemetery, in the northern part of Madrid, where the remains of some 451 International Brigaders are buried, with commemorative and memorial plaques placed from their countries of origin. A new plaque, commemorating 80 years since their arrival, was placed, https://international-brigades.org.uk/news-and-blog/content-madrid-remembers-international-brigades-80-years/

In August 2017 the discovery of a mass grave  brought a halt to renovation work at the Fuencarral Cemetery. The AABI in Spain, with the support of International Brigade associations around the world called for an examination of the site, believing this was the mass grave containing the remains of the International Brigade volunteers buried there in 1941.

Just two months ago, at the end of January 2024, an international outcry, led by Luis González, forced the Madrid city authorities to pause their plans to build a rubbish depot on top of the site of the mass grave. 

I am grateful to a huge number of people, especially Ray Hoff, Peter Verburgh and Alan Warren who give so much valuable support and guidance, but I must primarily thank Masha for firstly entrusting me with her family history and then continuing to support me in my research, it is a deep and lasting honour to work on Robert’s story.

We commemorated Robert Traill during our 2023 Volunteers for Liberty event, when I spoke about his service in Spain. We will continue to remember Robert as a North East Volunteer for Liberty and we will ensure that he is also remembered at events held in Spain, especially those held in the Fuencarral Cemetery.

Rest in peace Robert Traill.

The following is the first part of a series, written by a friend:

SOUTIE by HARALD  CELLARS

SOUTIE; Pronounced, so – tee; short for Sout Piel which is a crude Afrikaans expression and, translated, means Salt Cock. It is used to describe British immigrants to South Africa who have one foot in Africa and one in Britain and whose genitals, consequently, are in the ocean; one not committed to Africa; a person of divided loyalties

 “Life is an unrelenting tragedy. Therein lies the comedy.” – Hal Cellars, with apologies to Martin Stillwater.

Introduction.

I immigrated to South Africa in 1975 with my wife and two children. Apartheid was in full swing. I spent most of my working life either on the shop floor or supplying goods to be used on the shop floor. This was when I became a salesman. I saw apartheid from the bottom up. Over the decades, thousands of experts visited South Africa to see for themselves the working out of separate development as it was sometimes euphemistically called. These pundits would spend a couple of weeks travelling the country and talking to  the usual suspects. Then they would go home and publish their potted opinions in some newspaper or other. As an English working man earning his living as an artisan and then as a salesman, I had a different perspective.

It is difficult now to describe how permanent apartheid seemed in those years. There is nothing so convincing as a firmly held conviction. A South African friend asked me if I could conceive of any fundamental change to the status quo: “Short of World War 3, No.” In a few years it was all gone. But then, so also was Communism and the collapse of the USSR was as world- changing as any world war. The existence of Communism was the economic, moral, political and religious justification for apartheid. When the USSR collapsed, apartheid had to go.

These anecdotes of my time on the shop floor in South Africa may amuse or dismay. They are not meant to be objective, balanced or historically accurate: they are a fistful of snapshots; a mouthful of the ocean; a slice of a lost life. For me, apartheid was a major contribution to the Human Comedy.

 Mrs. Mack

Bowels and hairdos. That’s what they talk about; all day long. If it’s not ringlets it’s constipation.

Laugh, but it’s the truth. Working women? – I despise them. I work for one reason only, if I didn’t I’d starve. My husband died ten years ago, leaving me a house paid for, a mine pension and some money. Inflation wiped it all out and I won’t live on my children.

When I was a young woman, it was a shameful thing for a wife and mother to go out to work. This lot don’t know the meaning of the word. How times do change. The silly bitches can’t see the wool being pulled over their eyes. Women’s Lib – invented by a queer or some such woman-hater. A woman’s right to work. I could puke. Someone has conned them into believing that housework, mothering and homemaking is kaffir work and that a white woman is above all that kind of thing. Maybe they are right at that.

One thing for sure, the kaffirs give more love and care to their piccannins than these dumb cows do to their kids.

It’s strange, they have kaffirs to clean their houses, cook their food, bring up their children, do the gardening, paint and repair their homes and they call them worse than shite.

These Crunchies give me the pip. I’ll tell you a typical weekend for an Afrikaner: Friday night he drives down to Swaziland to play the casinos; Saturday he screws the black girls; Sunday he comes back to the Republic and goes to church and on Monday mornings, it’s “those damn kaffirs” all over again. They’re a rubbish lot.

Have you ever noticed how their answer to everything is, “Is it?” If you say anything to them, “is it” is the only response they make:

“We had some nice rain last night.”  “Is it?”

“I’m not feeling too good.” “Is it?”

“I’ll be sixty-two tomorrow.”  “Is it?”

“Granny’s got piles.”  “Is it?”

“You’re a, real wanker.”  “Is it?”

Drives me crackers.

Another one they are fond of, is using the word “woman” as both singular and plural:

“I saw two woman walking down the street.” Sounds horrible don’t it? You listen out for it, in twenty years time, you’ll be as batty as me.

It’s not as if they make any money out of this working business. You take Erna there, that one yes; her with the scab on her chin. She not only gets nothing out of it, she calculated, a couple of months ago, that it costs her husband an extra two hundred rands a month to send her out to work: what with a second car; maid’s wages; crèches for the kids and lots of new clothes. This lot has filled her head with shit that she must spend at least two hundred rands a month on new clothes for work. Then there is the extra taxation. She seemed really proud that her husband has to work all the hours that God sends, including the Two Minutes Silence, in order to keep his wife at work:

“Doesn’t your husband mind paying so much money for the privilege of not having a wife at home and his kids being raised by strangers?”

“No” she said, (they wouldn’t recognise irony if they fell over it) “No. I told the doctor that if I stayed at home while all my friends were going out to work, I would have a nervous breakdown and so he told my husband that I had to go out to work for the good of my health.”

She gave a broken little laugh as she said this and all sorts of strange lights and facets came into her eyes. Have you ever noticed that about the Afrikaner women? They all have very hard eyes or neurotic ones. The hard-eyed ones give me the willies; when they smile, it never reaches their eyes. It’s not a smile so much as a rictus: like a pair of duelling pistols levelled over bared teeth. They seem to be aware of this problem and solve it by rarely smiling; a condition I can easily endure. If you ever see a warm or loving look in their eyes, shout Bingo.

Erna is one of the neurotic ones. I saw her eyes go all splintery like that, two months ago when the police rang her up to tell her that her husband had killed the two kids and then committed suicide. They’re always doing that these people, murdering their families and then themselves. One guy tracked down his five kids all over Brakpan and killed them all and his wife before doing himself in. It seems to be a popular pastime in this country and nearly always it’s an Afrikaner. Makes you wonder about those Voortrekkers they’re forever going on about, if these are their descendants: Richard says the word Voortrekker is the Afrikaans word for a guy who pulls his wire. I can well believe it.

I went with her in the car when we took her home.  Her husband answered the door, drunk, laughing and jabbering away in Afrikaans. Seems he had arranged for one of his mates to phone her; did it to pay her back for something or other. I can’t get worked up about these people; they always seem to me to be just overgrown kids, dressed up in their parent’s clothes and playing at life. Next morning, he dropped her off at work and they were all lovey-dovey, just like nothing had happened.

She’s tried to do herself in twice already and once I saw her jump in front of the M.D.’s car as he was driving off. After her second go, I told her:

“You’d better stop this suicide business or the first thing you know; you’ll ruin your health.”

Noel Coward actually, but I might just as well have saved my breath. She just looked at me blankly and then started to tell me how parents must never ever show love and affection to their sons or they will grow up to be homosexuals. A right head-banger.

But, if you think she’s whacko, just you take a look at Sarie there. That’s the one with the fat arse and glasses. Don’t look now, she’s picking her nose; yes, that one. She’d only been working here two days when she started in with John, the production manager. How he ever got involved with that old boiler, I’ll never know. I mean, John’s a fine looking feller and look at her. Well, look at her: face like a well-kept grave. With her colouring and that shade of lipstick, it looks like a plate of veal and tomatoes. Still, there is no accounting for taste as my sainted husband used to say, God rest his soul.

Well, we all knew straight away he was poking her: it was all around the foundry the same day they were found in the stock yard, having connections. Really! – right out there in the veldt and when they were caught they wouldn’t stop. Just went right on; at it like knives. It’s disgraceful, shouldn’t be allowed. A real hotbed of intrigue is this place; I mean to say, I’m not one to gossip but the things that’s going on here you wouldn’t believe.

Her husband found out about it; a little bird whispered in his ear. It could have been any one of them. They’re all like that, if someone else is getting something they aren’t, they eat their livers out. Anyway, he found out and there were ructions, let me tell you. He came to work this day, dragged her out of the office and gave her a kicking in the yard. She came back inside, roaring, with a nose on her like Beppo the Clown but the best part came later. She told me all about it, in confidence you understand. They belong to one of these weird, religious loud-praying sects; you know, all shouts and Hallelujahs and God-be-praised. I think they are called Bombay Revivalists or something like that. It’s an Afrikaner set-up (wouldn’t you know?) and all ,the Elders go around wearing black suits and homburgs and sporting fender bellies and Paul Kruger beards; you know, no moustache but plenty of hair flapping around their jaws.

He brought the minister of this Mickey-Mouse church to confront his wife. He tried to rope John in but John just told him to go and fuck his knuckles (‘scuse my French). The minister listened to her confession and declared she was Possessed of a Devil and what was needed was a Driving Out.

All the Elders and the minister went to the church with Sarie and her husband to drive the devils out of her. She had to stand naked, yes naked. No. I’m not joking: you ask her. She had to stand naked in the middle of this church with all these Elders traipsing around her in a circle, chanting and singing hymns and hallelujahing all over the place. Imagine, if you can bear it, all those bearded pot-bellied freaks playing Ring-a-Ring-a-Roses with old Bacon-Bum, standing there in her birthday suit in the middle of them all, wailing and crying, tearing her hair and beating her breasts (what there is of them). It’s enough to make a cat laugh – Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, South African style. Then they all had to place a Bible under their right arms, take up a sjambok and beat her and then throw the sjambok onto the floor in front of the altar and shout – “Out, Satan out!”

Later, as a penance, her husband made her become a Sunday school teacher. She was telling me all about it. She said the Elders were so strict about Sunday school and Morality and everything that all the female teachers were required to wear dresses fastened right up to the neck and cover their arms down to their wrists:

“Is it?” she said, and tittered. Dim as a Toc-H lamp. I ask you? Why bother to pay good money to go to the movies when the Lord provides such entertainment, free?

She’s still pumping John but there’s no denying that she’s taken the rebuke to heart. She studies the Bible all the time now and she’s got, the Eleventh Commandment word perfect: thou shall not be found out. She was a terror before she got religion and now she’s a holy terror.

In June 2021 I posted a Guest post by the late, great David Walsh (see below), almost two years later I present another, this time from Katie Armstrong.

The school strikes of 1911

To put this piece in context we need to go back to the end of 2022, when I spotted a post on The International Brigades remembered page asking if anyone had any information on an Alexander Armstrong who had died in Spain.

I was able to respond as at the time I was working with Mike Crowley and Mike Wild on the twenty two men who were on the 1932 Mass Trespass who later went to Spain.  We gave a talk at the IBMT AGM (Report Here).

Katie attendeded, bringing with her a picture we knew was her Uncle Alec.

As you’ll see many people helped her with her research, it was a pleasure to be a part of her wonderful journey of discovery.

Families are funny things. You wonder how they can possibly fall apart, but suddenly whole chunks of history disappear. Like a cliff face sliding into the sea, the landscape quickly changes and no one remembers quite how it was before.  We lost my grandad to some scandal when my father was in nappies. Consequently we never knew, or even talked much of, that side of the family. It wasn’t till I was browsing on one of those find your family tree sites, that I discovered a whole raft of relatives, including a grand uncle Alexander who died in Spain.

Now my family tree is stumpy and stunted. An amorphous mass of mill and cannon fodder, working hard in unremarkable jobs, drifting from country to city, to live in slums that have long since been cleared.  My origins are plebeian to say the least, so I very much doubted Alexander expired from consuming bad oysters on a Mediterranean beach holiday. So what was he doing there? More research and Find My Past revealed that an Alexander Armstrong from Manchester was killed in February 1937, in Jarama. He was listed as a British Casualty of the Spanish Civil War.

Which was almost as unbelievable as the bad oyster. I mean – how could I not know that? On asking, murky family memories resurfaced – yes there had been talk of an Uncle Alec who had died fighting.

It wasn’t until google led me to the International Brigade Memorial Trust that I really got a picture of who Alec was. Both literally and figuratively.

The Trust of course celebrates the lives of those who went to Spain to defend democracy and fight fascism. It also is a great research resource. Archivist Jim Carmody and historian Richard Baxell have built a data base of as many of the volunteers on whom they can find information. An epic project.  Luckily for me Alexander Armstrong was listed amongst them. Sadly there wasn’t much more personal information but I now knew he was a communist, a volunteer in the International Brigade and fighting on the right side.

From Britain alone 2,550 men volunteered.  And while that number includes some famous names and well connected, upper-class communists most of the British volunteers were working-class men, with an average age 29, from the big industrial cities. Men who left hard jobs to go to and fight a hard fight. Men like uncle Alec.

Born in 1909 in Manchester, Alexander was the 7th of the Armstrong children. His father worked in various jobs, from hoist man to labourer, to keep his large family. But like so many in Manchester in the depression, he was in and out of work. Even at the best of times money was short. The family lived in Hulme, in a small rented house, one of the sprawl of gerry-built terraces. Alec left school young and went to work as a roofer. He too was often unemployed.  He was 25 when he went to Spain. He was one of the 540 volunteers killed out there.

The database biographies of those volunteers are often little more than a few lines. Nobodies like my family often don’t have much in the way of a tangible history. Certainly Alexander’s is sparse. But the Trust records what it can and is a memorial to those who would otherwise be unknown. For which I am extremely grateful. But more than that it is a catalyst.  Those scanty biographies of working class men and women who charged off to fight a fight that wasn’t theirs only raise more questions. And the trust attracts writers and historians  and any one else wanting answers. So thank you Delores (of the Trust) for introducing me to Mike Crowley, Tony Fox, Mike Wild and Stuart Walsh who were kind enough to talk to me through their research.

What emerges is a mosaic of Mancunian activism, of protest marches, speedway riders, communism and clashes with the facist Blackshirts. It became apparent that there were multiple connections and interactions.  Some who went to fight in Spain , were also members of the Young Communist League. Others were on the famous 1934 Kinder Mass Trespass  protesting the landowner limitations to ramblers right to roam on Kinder Scout. They were marching alongside  The British Workers Sports Federation, and  members of the street theatre troop the Red Megaphones  – “Our theatre awakens the masses !” And some like Alex did it all.

Eddie Frow, a contemporary, writes  that Alec radiated enthusiasm for the cause and there can be no doubt that he was keen as mustard. He was a member of all the major organisations, went on camps, rambled, leapt fawn like while developing his theatre skills, protested unemployment and of course eventually went to fight and die in Spain. He died so young that he is very much a footnote in other longer histories, but he casts a shadow. Jimmie Miller, (Ewan Maccoll), folk singer and fellow activist writes of Alec in his autobiography, he features in the Greenwood book ,“Love On The Dole,” and MI5 rather more dourly record his activities. He appears in letters home from Spain, and there is an audio account of him walking to his death by the man who saw him do it.  If you know where to look, there are numerous snippets of information to be found and a flickering picture of Alec develops.  Of course I would never have known where to look  if I hadn’t been helped by people who did.

And yes, the Trust literally had a picture of Alec. There’s a famous photo taken at the Kinder Trespass in 1932. It show a group of jubilant young men and women striding forth to reclaim the moors. It was displayed at the Kinder Trespass 90th Anniversary event in April 2022.  A visitor, a middle-aged man pointed to a figure in the image and told Mike Wild that that was his Uncle Alec. He then disappeared back into the throng without leaving a name. As with so much of Alec’s history – another tantalising glimpse!  But it reminded me that there very likely were living relatives. I was determined to track him down. Well I haven’t yet , but I did find other relatives and  I now have a verified photo of Alec.

Alec died on February 12th, killed in the bloody massacre that was the first day of the Battle of Jarama. His body was never found. There is no grave. His bones are likely scattered in the olive groves. Families can so easily fragment, people disappear their history forgotten and the voices of ordinary people are so often unheard.  But thanks to the International Brigade Memorial Trust,  and all those who work alongside them,  Alexander Armstrong, Uncle Alec, a heroic nobody from the back streets of Hulme , is remembered and celebrated. On a personal level I now know more about him then I ever thought possible. On a practical level, in terms of social history, this extra-ordinary, extraordinary story is preserved for posterity.

I am still researching Alec’s history and if anyone wants to contact me they can get me at plasticisrubbish@yahoo.co.uk

Salud Comrades.

With thanks to

• The International Brigade Memorial Trust
• Delores Long
• The Working Class Movement Library
• Stuart Walsh
• Mike Wild
• Mike Crowley
• Tony Fox
• Richard Baxell
• Dave Toft
• Keith Warrender
• The long lost family

Kate Armstrong

On 12th February the British Battalion were to face Franco’s ‘moors’ of the Army of Africa who were spearheading the Nationalist advance. The XV Brigade were told to take up positions facing the Jarama River. Positioned on the far left was the Spanish XXI Battalion, then the British, the French-Belgian Battalion and finally the Dimitrov Battalion on the far right of the defensive line; the Lincoln Battalion was stationed behind the Dimitrov’s in reserve.

The 15th Brigade ran straight into Moroccan troops of the Rebel 2nd Brigade under Colonel Sáenz de Buruaga, which had crossed the Pindoque bridge after Barrón and moved rapidly south. Attempting to defend a series of rolling hills and knolls, the British battalion was outflanked and utterly decimated by the advancing Moroccan Regulares, with the French and Balkan units also soon retreating desperately for Hill 700 to the northeast, where they linked up with the 11th Brigade. For the British, attempting to hold ‘Suicide Hill’, this first day of combat was the very definition of a baptism of fire.
Fighting for Spain – Alexander Clifford.

[Extract from I sing of my comrades: remembering Stockton’s International Brigaders]

At 11am on 12th February 2023 we assembed to commemorate the British Battalion and the men from Teesside we lost their lives at Jarama.

On the 12th February 1937 the British Battalion of the XV International Brigade faced it’s first battle, by the evening of the first day the 600 strong Battalion had been reduced to 250 men. In the Afternoon of 13^th February Bert Overton of Stockton took command of the British Battalion and led them until reinforcements arrived on the morning of the 14^th February.

Four Teesside volunteers lost their lives at Jarama; George Bright and David Halloran were killed in battle, whilst Thomas Carter and John Unthank died as a result of wounds sustained in the Battle.

George Brown was the Communist Party District secretary for Lancashire, like George Short he approved the volunteers for Spain, one such was Sam Wild, who would later Command the British Battalion. The words of Sam’s son, Mike; “Our open eyes could see no other way” accompanies our memorial.

George Brown, who was killed in the Battle of Brunette in July 1937 wrote a report of the British Battalion’s commemoration of the Jarama fallen.

This report was read out to those assembled to commemorate the volunteers for liberty. George Brown reports on the memorial service held by the members of the British Battalion in Apri 1937. four of the Stockton volunteers will have taken part in the memorial service, with a fifth, George Bright being commemorated.

On the afternoon of 29th April only a few of the comrades of the Battalion are in the trenches keeping guard. The rest are a few yards behind the trenches, lined up in military formation. They are holding a memorial service to their comrades who have fallen in this sector and whose rough made graves are all around. George Brown April 1937

George Brown goes on to quote from George Aitken who had recently been promoted to XV International Brigade Commissar from the British Battalion Commissar.

“They were our Friends” he says, “We had come to know then intimately. They shared our joys and sorrows in the days of training. They fought side by side with us in fierce battles. They lived with us day and night in the trenches, shared the same dug-outs, stood on guard by our side, shivered with us in the cold nights and huddled close to us when on many a night the rain poured down in torrents. How could we help growing fond of them and sorrowing at their passing. They lie here now sleeping their long last sleep.” George Brown April 1937

After flowers were lain at the memorial a minutes silence was held.

Dr Bob read – To England from the English Dead, written by Miles Tomalin

• We, who were English once had eyes and saw
• The savage greed of those who made this war
• Tear up from earth, like a hog loose in flowers
• So many lives as young and strong as ours,
• You, England, stood apart from Spain’s affair,
• You said you were secure in sea and cliff
• While others sank in filthy war, as if
• You kept some old virginity in there.
• While the black armies marched and the dead fell,
• You told your English people all was well,
• And shutting eyes to war was finding peace.
• You told them once, all slavery must cease.
• Dishonourable England!
• We in Spain who died, died proudly, but not in your name;
• Our friends will keep the love we felt for you
• Among your most green landscapes and smooth hills,
• Talk of it over honest window sills
• And teach our children we were not untrue.
• Not for those others, more like alien men
• Who, quick to please our slayers, let them pass,
• Not for them
• We English lie beneath the Spanish grass.

Miles Tomalin served in the XV International Brigade anti-tank battery alongside Teesside volunteers Tommy Chilvers and Otto Estensen, famously Miles can be seen playing his recorder in the iconic anti-tank picture which also shows Otto playing his Mandolin.

Then Bob read his own composition Vagabonds, which begins with a quote from Laurie Lee, who served in the British Battalion.

‘We were an uneven lot, large and small, mostly young, hollow-cheeked, ragged, pale, the sons of depressed and uneasy Europe’ Laurie Lee – A Moment of War

• Inconvenient on home turf with your unsavoury beliefs
• but far from unloved. Invisible only
• to those with titles and a seat at the table.
• Unexpected, you came to lend a hand. Smuggled
• over borders that turned a blind eye, drawn
• to so much rawness in vineyards and olive groves
• torn from the soft hands of gentlemen.
• You composed anthems
• for your blacklisted histories,
• I recognise those tunes.
• Snows melt on the Sierra. Battle lines
• scribbled on archaic maps. The evenings full
• of flambéed voices on radio broadcasts
• from underground bunkers.
• You lived afterwards and always
• as Christ in the winepress
• under a corpse-soiled shawl of suspicion.

Dr Bob has just released his latest publication – The Last Almanac, which can be found at https://www.waterstones.com/author/bob-beagrie/314895 along with his previous works.

The commemoration finale was a rousing rendition of  the Peter Seegar version of Jarama Valley. This was performed by a group of The Golden Smog  regulars who were performing together for the first time.

Tom – Drums

Alan – Harmonics/vocals

Craig – Guitar

Chris – Mandolin

Jo – Vocals

Kaz – Vocals

They go by various names: the Smog singers, Roc Co Co, Smogtasia and some best left unmentioned, but one thing not in doubt was their superb performance. It can be seen on The Golden Smog Basketball team Facebook page here – https://www.facebook.com/goldensmogbasketball/videos/582025230472443/

Martin Beall and John Christie of the Golden Smog Warriors have made a huge contribution to the Stockton IB memorial, in fact without them it would not be here. Martin spoke of the Golden Smog Warriors, how they had been inspired by the Volunteers, saying:

We are very proud of the part we’ve played in remembering these remarkable local people.

Martin then explained that at Stockton Sixth Form College the GSW Gold team were to face Stockton Shadows in the Durham league. The tip was at 1:15pm. The team were proud to wear the Spanish (Gold) kit and were to have a moment of applause for George, David, Thomas and John before tip.

As always entrance was free and there was free tea and coffee, and especially for the occassion free cake.

We now look forward to the dedication of our memorial on Sunday 23rd April 2023 –https://fb.me/e/1VYSvzwu3

On 25th November Richard Harris posted a picture on the International Brigades Remembered Facebook page .

Richard added –

I just came across this picture of my father after he was wounded at the Battle of Jarama on Feb. 26, 1937. If I’m not mistaken, it looks like Robert Merriman to my father’s left side.

Robert Hale Merriman, the Chief of Staff of the XV International Brigade, disappeared behind enemy lines in a desperate attempt to escape encirclement during the great Retreats in the early spring of 1938. His body was never recovered, which has led to an an air of mystery as to what happened to him in his last campaign. A consensus has emerged that suggests that Merriman was killed outright or was captured and executed later.

I think you will agree with Richard that it is indeed Bob Merriman; who’s arm was in a cast at the time, seated next to his father Aaron Harris .

The wonderful thing about the International Brigades Remembered Facebook page  is that people add to and enrich the posts, this was the case here. Ray Hoff in America discussed the image with Mercedes Nicolás in Spain  with a view to finding the location and date.

Mercedes Nicolás explained:

I have asked the compañeras and compañeros of the Murcia Historical Memory Association and we believe that the photo was taken in front of the Pasionaria Hospital, almost at the door. In that area, in the Parque de Ruiz Hidalgo, the fair was installed in Murcia since 1929. The building that is seen behind must be what we know here as “el Martillo”, it is part of the Episcopal Palace of Murcia.[Tranlated from the Spanish]

The building on the left of the picture is the one that can be seen behind the ferris wheel.  With the location established the next question was – why a ferris wheel. Again Mercedes Nicolás and

Ray Hoff  provided the answer.

Ray said :

While this says 19/20 March, those were the dates in Merriman’s diary but he wrote across many pages after February 27 and did not catch up his story until March 29, so the dates are jumbled. The statement on March 20 says that he met Overton on the 15th or before. For several days, Merriman and Bob Thompson were touring Murcia waiting for Marion Merriman to arrive (she’d been sent for on March 4). If this photo was taken after Marion arrived, it could be any time up to the 30th. Santa Semana was the week of March 21-28 and there may have been a fair or festival in Murcia that week. A newspaper from Murcia might determine whether a ferris wheel was in town that week. Milly Bennett was also in Murcia and as a newspaperwoman, it is possible she might have taken this photo. Also Kate Mangan was there.

Richard Harris provided an extract from his father’s diary to give us a much more accurate date of 28th February.

We know that Bert Overton was wounded on 12th February but refused to leave the lines, that Tom Wintringham  handed over command of the British Battalion to Bert Overton on the evening of the 13th February after Wintringham was unable to command due to the self-inflicted wound. Overton was wounded again leading the rescue of the Machine gun company but did not relinquish command until the following morning when Jock Cunningham took command on the morning of the 14th February. The Battalion Commissar George Aitken reported that Overton organised the defences in the morning, after first having had his wounded hand treated overnight. The Report ends by telling us that Overton was wounded once again:

‘In the retreats which took place on the 3rd day.’

This is why Bert Overton was in Benicassim hospital. We already have an image of Bert Overton in Hospital, provided by Mike Wild 

This new image of him in Spain is a wonderful discovery, not only is it much clearer but we have a certain date.  It also provides greater depth to the story of Overton’s cap.  Previously Ray Hoff

had said that:

At that time, Merriman was really interested only in getting Overton’s officer’s cap.

Talked with Lamotte about Overton because I wanted his hat.

Got hat off Overton this morning, who was arrested last night.

Rose at 600, went to B. I. club and came out to camp in Political Commissar car. Arrived in camp with new uniform
and just in time to hear plans for the day. [30th May]

It is this new uniform, with the addition of Overton’s cap that we can see in the photograph of Bob Merriman.

The mystery surrounding Overton continues, a month later he gets a rather cryptic reference in Merriman’s diary.

13 Junio                    S. Antonio de Padua
Rose and had sessions with boys. Battalion voted to help
popular front and went out into fields. Discussed work with
Bob & Joe. Tried several comrades and talked with Hyde.
Left after lunch for Pozo Rubio. Got to Tarazona and went
for Schrenzel and Matilda invited us to stay and have wine
and cakes. She had pictures of Overton & others. She is to
be thrown out of house after 14 yrs. Wrote note for her.
Left with seven in car for Pozo Rubio and planned problem
for tomorrow. Played horse shoes.

It is understandable that Merriman would try to help Matilda who had been evicted, especially after she had provided him with wine and cake, but why did he feel the need to mention she ‘had pictures of Overton & others.’?  Could the picture that Richard Harris has presented be one of the pictures that Matilda showed to Bob Merriman in June? If so it would certainly raise questions which Merriman would not like.

But this is speculation, what we do have is a fantastic record, an image of Bert Overton Arron Harris and Bob Merriman in front of the Pasionaria hospital in Murcia. What we do have is an image which enriches the story of Bert Overton and Bob Merriman, thanks must go to Richard for sharing this invaluable image.

Some may have seen my campaign for recognition for George and Phyllis Short – The power couple of Teesside communism where I am aiming to mark the work they undertook to improve the lives of the people of Teesside, they helped the disadvantaged on Teesside for a period of fifty years.

This week, the ever wonderful Peter Verburgh pointed me towards a series of documents which are fascinating, I have ran out of extolments for Peter; he discovered the medical records for Bill Carson and Patrick Maroney which explained why they were repatriated – see I Sing of My Comrades: Remembering Stockton’s International Brigaders 

Peter’s brief and precise message was :

495/14/211 & 212 for material on the N.U.W.M. and the 1936 Hunger March ( period February-December 1936 )

This took me to André Marti’s personal file in the Moscow archives,  Marti was a leading figure in the French Communist Party (PCF), who, in 1936, became the Chief Political Commissar of the International Brigades operating the Brigade headquarters and training base at Albacete. Looking in this folder is unusual as we spend most of our time in the RGASPI. F. 545 folder which is the folder for the International brigades.

The first document that caught my eye was a letter dated 22nd October 1936. I knew that this was whilst the 1936 National Hunger March was on; it started in Aberdeen on 26th September and finished in London on Sunday the 8th November. The part of the letter that especially caught my eye was the name of Ellen Wilkinson.

Ellen Wilkinson is of especial interest,  when in October 1924 Ramsey MacDonald’s Labour government resigned, after losing a confidence vote in the House of Commons, the ensuing general election was dominated by the  “Red Scare”. The previous year the Labour Party had proscribed the Communist Party and outlawed dual membership, Ellen Wilkinson left the CPGB and was selected as The Labour Party’s candidate for the constituency of Middlesbrough Eas. At the General Election Labour’s representation in the House of Commons fell to 152, against the Conservatives’ 415, with Ellen Wilkinson being the only woman elected on the Labour benches.

Whilst MP for Middlesbrough East Ellen continued to promote policies which were not official Labour Party policies, but which were being advocated by the CPGB; for example she promoted birth control, a measure the CPGB central committee had been promoting since 1922 and which the The Labour Party renounced, it is suggested this was because The Labour Party feared losing the Catholic vote.

She was ever the activist, In May 1926, during the nine day duration of the General Strike Ellen Wilkinson toured the country to promote and support the strike.  She was furious when the Trades Union Congress called off the strike, and despite threats of expusion she continued to campaign for the Miners as they fought on alone: in June 1926 she joined George Lansbury at an Albert Hall rally which raised £1,200 for the benefit of the miners, who continued their strike for another five months.

Ellen Wilkinson’s reflections on the strike are recorded in A Workers’ History of the Great Strike , which she co-authored with CPGB member Raymond Postgate and her lover Frank Horrabin. Ellen also published the semi-autobiographical novel Clash in 1929 which is also set during the General Strike. The result was that Ellen Wilkinson was again threated with expulsion from The Labour Party, but she again called their bluff – the expulsion of the only female Labour MP immediately after women had gained the franchise by The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act  in July 1928 would have been a political disaster.

There have always been strong rumours that Ellen Wilkinson continued to work closely with CPGB members after she had resigned her membership.  I feel that this letter provides quite a bit of substance to these rumours, hence my excitement.

In The Jarrow Crusade: Protest and Legend Dr Matt Perry  carefully lays out all the ways the organisers distanced themselves from the Communist organised National Hunger Marches, fearing that an association with the Communists would undermine their protest. They were largely successful; most people have heard of the ‘Jarrow Crusade’ (the word ‘march’ was not used to avoid associating with the Communist organised marches), but few people have heard of the fifteen National Hunger marches held between 1919 and 1936. I always find this remarkable as they are so different in scale: the Jarrow March started with about 200 men, whereas the National Hunger Marches usually had over 1,500 participants , with the highest being 2,000 men on the 1922 march. In fact the Stockton Contingent alone in the 1936 National Hunger March had more men than the Jarrow Crusade.

The Jarrow Crusade has since entered the iconography of the British nation, the image of a respectable, non-political, non-threatening form of protest; a representation of the marchers even appeared in the 2012 Olympics opening ceremony. But this bleached and de-politicised portrayal is far from the truth, the Jarrow Crusade was a small scale protest riding on the coat-tails of the NUWM’s campaign against government policy, especially the despised Means Test. The Jarrow Crusade was looking to rectify an issue that affected one town, whereas the decade long NUWM campaign was looking to alleviate a national problem.

The Jarrow Crusade wasn’t the only other march to arrive in London at the beginning of November 1936. The  contingents of the National League of the Blind and the British Campaigners’ Association reached London at the same times as the Jarrow March and the National Hunger March, they too where welcomed by supportive demonstrations held for them at Trafalgar Square or Hyde Park.

The Labour Party has long been keen to use the example of the Jarrow Crusade to burnish its own reputation, with successive  leaders  seeking to give the Crusade a retrospective Labour Party gloss, just one example can be seen in this 1950 General Election poster.

But the truth is that in reality the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party and especially the TUC were very quick to distance themselves from the Jarrow Crusade. This was a continuation of the directives which forbad Labour Party members supporting  Communust led protests against the Means Test, Unemployment and the BUF;  the TUC was especially fearful of the NUWM which was organising the unemployed and therefore threatening their control over the unskilled and those with infrequent work.

Famously when Ellen Wilkinson proposed a motion in support of the Jarrow Crusade at the Labour Party Conference held at Edinburgh in October 1936 the motion was unsuprisingly blocked by the NEC, instead Hugh Dalton was charged with leading ‘an investigation into conditions in which people lived and worked, or did not, in the Special Areas.’ The Labour Party Conference opened on 4th October 1936 and the Jarrow marchers set off the next day on the 5th of October.

Councillor David Riley

The opposition from the Labour Party and the TUC meant that  it was left to local figures of the Labour left, such as Councillor David Riley, chair of Jarrow council, Ellen Wilkinson, and Paddy Scullion to organise the protest march.

The October 1936 letter suggests that lacking institutional support from the Labour Party Riley, Wilkinson and Scullion used the CPGB’s expertise and experience in orgainising their protest marches to aid them in their own protest march;  it was intially planned that the Jarrow marchers would be a contingent in the National Hunger March. It could be argued that despite the appearance in reality the Jarrow Crusade was in fact little more than a contingent of the 1936 National Hunger March – it had the same purpose and was no larger than the 200 strong Stockton Contingent.

The Jarrow march had ended at Hyde Park on  1st November , however there was no official rally at the end, instead they joined a 5,000 strong Communist rally that was taking place to support the National Hunger March due the following week, and which this letter of 22nd October promotes .

The seven contingents of the National Hunger March, comprising 1,500 men and women, arrived in London on Sunday 8th November 1936 along with 250 marchers from the National League of the Blind. They were met by a crowd estimated to be about 80, 000. The National Government had decreed that newspapers should not publish stories or pictures of the National Hunger march, and as a result images are very rare. You will find, however, that this did not apply to the Jarrow Crusade, for which images seem multitudinous. I feel that this is a great shame, for it takes the Jarrow Crusade out of context, portraying it as a one-off stunt which although honourable, ultimately failed in its aim.

The Jarrow march was just one facet of the campaign to eliviate the suffering of industrial regions in the North of England, a campaign which had been ongoing for fifteen years prior to the Jarrow march. It is this campaign which these documents Peter directed me to highlight.

To avoid an overlengthy post I’ll return to this is a seperate post.

Rob Hargreaves has published his book.

This is the review found  in the May 2022 issue of  https://www.speedwaystar.net/

Where do you start on Clement Henry Beckett’s life story?

A child who was born on Friday, August 10, 1906, and died
on Suicide Hill, in what has become known as the Battle of Jarama, on Friday, February 12, 1937.

He was 30 but had lived the life of a man perhaps twice that age. A
life full of danger, daring, unconformity, heroism, escapades, bravery
and, ultimately, death. His passing was mourned by hundreds of thousands of speedway fans, as he had been a pioneer racer who went on to fame if not necessarily fortune with his daredevil exploits. Even a month after his death, on April 13, the Daily Mirror carried a story under the headline ‘War Beats a Brave Wife’ recording: “When Daredevil Clem Beckett, famous ex-speedway rider, died fighting with the International Brigade against the rebels storming Madrid, the world crashed in ruins for his young Danish wife.

“She left Manchester yesterday to spend a fortnight with relatives in
Denmark. Since her husband went to Spain last December she had
bravely carried on his garage business in Oldham Road, Manchester,
racked with anxiety for a man who had dared all in his ‘Wall of Death’ exhibitions, determined he would dare death again.
“Then came the news that Beckett, holding rebels at bay at a
machine-gun post on the Valencia Road, had been trapped: killed. His body was never found.”

On Sunday, May 2, a memorial meeting was held at the Coliseum
Theatre, Ardwick Green, Manchester, at which a packed audience heard tributes to Clem (and other Manchester men, members of the
International Brigade, who gave their lives in Spain) from actress, Dame Sybil Thorndike, and half a dozen other speakers, including Clem’s widow Lida. A poster for the event, declared: ‘Salute the Heroes of Spain! They have not died in vain, they have saved World Democracy from Fascist barbarism.’

No ex-speedway rider has been accorded such a posthumous honour but Clem was no ordinary person and in a commemorative booklet published shortly after the Memorial meeting, famous Belle Vue manager Eric Oswald Spence wrote: “He was the most dramatic figure of the tracks. He rode as no one else has ever done.”

Few sportsmen have ever matched Beckett’s lifetime achievements,
he was never a world champion but he was certainly among the very
best of British competitors and a stalwart believer in workers’ rights,
the leading and motivating mover in the setting up of the first riders’
union at a time when, despite the sometimes rich rewards on offer,
competitors were exploited by unscrupulous promoters.
Clem was a fully paid-up and active member of the Communist Party
and used its official organ, the Daily Worker newspaper. Using his
friendship with the paper’s editor, he wrote a series of blockbuster
articles that led to him being banned by the Speedway Control Board.

The first of those appeared on January 14, 1931, under the big, black headline ‘Bleeding the Men Who Risk Their Lives on the Dirt Track’ and he tore into promoters on a number of fronts, including rider safety and the paucity of payments to everyone except the privileged band of star names. He cited the case of journeyman rider Donald ‘Risk-it’ Riley who, when being jailed for obtaining money by false pretences, told the court that his annual speedway earnings amounted to no more than £32 in prize money! Clem claimed most riders had finished the 1930 season with barely enough money to buy machines for the following campaign and in a second article five weeks later, he caused even more fury within the Auto-Cycle Union, furious at a headline that claimed ‘Fine Sport Made Rotten with Financial Corruption’. He accused the ACU directors of being ‘old, incompetent, out of date, and entirely out of touch with the men they profess to represent’. Beckett’s licence was suspended and he was forced to earn his living on the Wall of Death where his name ensured more than healthy audiences wherever they went.
Clem’s somewhat unorthodox, outspoken and controversial approach to life in general and speedway in particular, made him a wonderful subject for a book – and that’s exactly what has happened with the recent publication of Clem Beckett: Motor Cycle Legend and War Hero.

Author Rob Hargreaves has written one of the most unusual,
insightful biographies of any speedway rider of any era and he spent an inordinate amount of time – around 15 years – delving into Beckett’s background. It is far, far more than a story of a speedway rider, it is a reflection of a longforgotten age and a social commentary of life for a working man living in the 20s and 30s. Hargreaves is an exjournalist who worked for the Daily Express at their offices in Manchester; initially on the picture desk and then spending three years on the Sports Desk when one of the roles he fulfilled was subbing the speedway results when they came in late in the night. But he admits: “I can’t claim to be a speedway person. Years ago, in the 70s, I think I attended Belle Vue once or twice.”
He eventually left newspapers and, in the 80s, forged a totally new career as a lawyer, ending up specialising in custody, divorce
and so on, in the Manchester area. He added: “One of my hobbies, it still is, is cycling and not far from where I live I came across a local authority point of interest sign saying ‘Clem Beckett, famous speedway star, practised off road riding here’ and it just hit me. I’d always had a big interest from my school days in the Spanish Civil
War.

“These guys went out to Spain on a matter of principle, calling themselves volunteers for liberty. Clem had this political connection with the Communist Party and when the call came [to fight the fascists in Spain], he answered it. “That morning about 15 years ago, I thought, ‘that’s it, there’s got to be a story here’. A story that would interest people, the journey through life that people could identify
with.” In the fly-leaf of the 239-page tomb, Rob writes: “Clem
Beckett was 14 when he first rode a homemade motorcycle
over the cobbled streets of his hometown. It was the start of
a lifelong love affair with speed and machines. “For Beckett, the motorbike was a means of escape from the uncertain future of Oldham’s stricken industries in the aftermath of the First World War. Beckett’s zest for life, his natural exuberance and determination to be a winner, overcame the disadvantages
of a poor home bereft of a father.

“As a pioneering dirt track (speedway) rider, he broke records galore, and as a volunteer in the Spanish Civil War he broke down class barriers. Whether as a tearaway teenager, an outspoken sportsman, or a member of the Communist Party, his life was characterized by broadsides of irreverence towards authority. “To Beckett, the appeal of revolutionary politics was youthful rejection of ‘old fogey’ values and the dominating role of tweedy gentility in motorcycle sport. Reviving faded memories and anecdotes of his career as a pioneer speedway rider, the book traces the extraordinary rise from blacksmith’s apprentice to superstar, in a new sport which typified the energy of the Roaring Twenties, and was characterized by risk-taking and serial injury. Ever the showman, banned from the Dirt Track for trying to protect his fellow riders from exploitation, Beckett took to riding the Wall of Death. “Observing the rise of fascism on his travels in Europe, Beckett’s increasing involvement in politics led to marriage to the mysterious Lida Henriksen, and inexorably to volunteer service in the British Battalion of the International Brigades in Spain. A narrative spiced with anecdotes
and new revelations about Beckett shows why from boyhood to the
poignant circumstances of his death in battle, Clem Beckett inspired
love and loyalty.”Hargreaves’ research was unstinting and is anything but a copy-and paste cuttings job. He spent days and weeks poring over documents at the Working Class Movement Library in Salford; the Marx Memorial Library in Clerkenwell, London; the National Fairground and Circus Archive at the University of Sheffield; the Imperial War Museum Sound Archives; the papers of the International Brigade Memorial Trust; and the North West Trade Union International Committee. He visited the battlefields of Spain where Clem met his death and also assiduously investigated his career as a rider and his brief time as a director of the Sheffield promotion. The 76-year-old author lent heavily on a band of speedway historians including Jim Henry, co-founder of Speedway Researcher, adding: “I cannot speak too highly of those guys in the speedway world. They provided me with as much help as possible and they were absolutely delighted to help me. “I did go to Spain on organised trips to look at the battlefield where Clem died and I was able to access the Communist International (Cominterm) Archives in Moscow. “Clem could get on with anybody, apart from the ACU, and people did remember him, all those who remember him gave their accounts affectionately. He married Lida, who was a Communist, and there is a strong suggestion that in the time he spent in Denmark, he could have
been helping the Communist Party to get money and messages from
Moscow.

“There were no children of the marriage and he had a sister who
died in the 1980s or 90s and her daughter, Clem’s niece, I believe, is still alive but after I put something on social media she didn’t respond so I wasn’t able to speak to her.”

CLEM BECKETT: Motorcycle Legend and War Hero is published by
Pen and Sword Military, an imprint of Pen and Sword Books Limited,
47, Church Street, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, S70 2AS and is available from all major booksellers or at www.pen-and-sword.co.uk. £25.

A couple weeks ago I wrote about a reply Sam and Bessie Wild received to an invitation to their wedding; see – https://foxburg.edublogs.org/2020/11/08/circles-and-links/ showing some of the links and the circle of friends they possessed.

Martin Levy, from the Communist Party of Britain Northern District spoke at our Volunteers for Liberty event in Middlesbrough, we have discussed various ways the event has been promoted, we also spoke about this blog, and realised we had a mutual interest in Tom Mann.

A a consequence Martin sent me a link he had received from Lars Ulrik Thomsen, a Danish member of the Communist Review editorial board, this link is to a 17 minute video of The Danish Communist Party’s (DKP) National Conference in Odense, held between the 4th and 6th of June 1938, Lars happens to come from Odense. Click on the image to view the film.

There were 400 delegates at the National conference, as well as speakers from all over Europe, of obvious interest to us is the Eighty Two Year Old Tom Mann.

Ever the gentleman, on sending me the link, Martin apologised for the lack of English subtitles, but unbeknownst to him I have a secret weapon: my cousin JJ senior (John Julius Flounders not to be confused with my eldest son John-James Fox who is also known as JJ) who is currently studying in Aarhus, Denmark. As he attended a Danish School in Germany and has an English Father, he is fluent in Danish, as well as English and German.

I asked JJ snr to look at the National Conference clip and let me know what the Tom Mann captions said. As usual he surpassed himself, and surprised me by submitting a report which translates the full film : Translation_fynens_forum

using JJ’s report we get a clearer picture of the conference, as well as seeing the response to Tom Mann, we also see a further link to Sam Wild, for in Tom Mann’s speech, on 6th July 1938, he talks about the War in Spain, saying

“We must help Spain. The antifascists in all countries should stick/work together!” JJ’s Translation

As Tom Man was speaking in Odense, Sam Wild was in Spain preparing to lead the British Battalion, as part of the 80,000 strong Republican Army preparing to assault across the Ebro River, in the last campaign of the International Brigades.

This reminded me that Tom Mann volunteered to fight in Spain in 1937; at Eighty One, he would have been the oldest man in the British Battalion, an accolade claimed by one of the Stockton volunteers; George Bright of Thornaby on Tees. Tom did manage to get to Spain in the Spring  of 1938, but as a VIP guest; I have recently listed to Bob Cooney  relating this in his IWM interview

Also of interest is the reading of the names of the 28 Danish International Brigade Volunteers who had fallen in Spain (The International Brigades would be withdrawn just over 10 weeks after the conference in Odense finished).  Not only did this recall the Volunteers for Liberty event in which I read out the names of the seven volunteers from Teesside who fell, but also the story of the Danish Front Fighters;  the story of an International Brigades banner which for many years was housed at the DKP’s party house in Absalonsgade in Odense. Providing a further link to our event; for as the Danish Banner had a reproduction produced in 1996, you can see Bob Beagrie and myself holding David Marshall’s banner, it too is a reproduction, David had it produced in 1996 to honour the men and women he served with in the Thälmann Battalion.

But the links and circles continue, in 1936 David Marshall fought in the Tom Mann Centuria, which at the time was part of the Thälmann Battalion of the XII International Brigade.

It is remarkable to find that most of the 550 Danish volunteers were enrolled into the XI International Brigade, and they were placed in its 3rd Battalion, which was named after Ernst Thälmann, or as it was known the Thälmann Battalion.

I think it is noteworthy to find that the links and the circle of friendships shown by the 1938 film are replicated in 2020; not only do officials in the Communist Parties of Britain and Denmark still work together, but the events and artifacts have a remarkable synergy. I think this demonstrates the impact of the Spanish War, not only for contemporaries but also the resonance it still possesses for us to this day. I must admit none of these links would have come to light without the work John put in, the document he has produced is a valuable contribution, thank you JJ.

Just a few days ago I wrote about a photograph of the Stockton branch of the NUWM – see https://foxburg.edublogs.org/2020/08/14/the-stockton-branch/

I ended with :

However we are left with a mystery: if the Stockton Contingent marched across the Tyne Bridge, with the Sunderland Branch behind them, why does the Itinerary of the 1934 Hunger March, taken from the Manifesto of the National Hunger March and Congress say:

 ‘TEES-SIDE CONTINGENT. Mobilise at STOCKTON-ON-TEES on February 2nd. JOIN TYNESIDE CONTINGENT at DARLINGTON on February 3rd.

I have just found a solution to the mystery, reading Kevin Shepherd’s Autobiographical reflections I found a reference to the image

I am happy with this, for it explains the anomaly, I was incorrect, this is not the 1934 march, but is the 1932 march. I have evidence that the 1932 march itinerary was likely to be used for the 1934 march.

As you can see the Newcastle contingent was joined by 90 men and boys from Teesside. I suggest that the tone of the letter suggests that the organiser was not too happy about these joining, and therefore two years later they attempted to ensure there was no repetition; however as Johnny Longstaff shows they were not totally successful. The 1932 march is also distinguished by the Women’s contingent.

In a recorded interview George and Phyllis Short talk about their participation in the 1932 march. In all eighteen contingents converged on London’s Hyde Park on 27th October 1932, where the 3,000 marchers were met by a crowd of between 50, 000 or 150, 000 depending upon which source you use;  in contrast the famous ‘Jarrow Crusade’ in 1936 had 100 marchers who also ended at Hyde Park, there was no official rally at the end, instead they joined a 5,000 strong Communist rally that was taking place.

The Metropolitan police commissioner deployed 70, 000 police officers to control the crowd in 1932, the aim was to prevent the petition the men carried reaching Parliament; when the Police confiscated the Parliamentary petition in Hyde Park violence broke out. In scenes reminiscent of Peterloo mounted officers charged the huge crowd which contained women and children, resulting in 75 people being seriously injured. Of interest we find that the British Union of Fascists was founded as the NUWM marched to London.

The NUWM leader Walter Hannington was arrested in Hyde Park, refused bail he spent several months in jail. He tried to prosecute the Home Secretary  Lord Trenchard for illegally breaking into the  NUWM’s London offices, the Police broke in and destroyed the contents, this was whilst Hannington was imprisoned. The Prime Minister, Ramsey MacDonald, personally intervened to prevent the prosecution of Lord Trenchard going ahead.

My interest in the 1932 march, however is not because of the violence that ended it, but rather the 26 strong Woman’s Contingent, as mentioned Phyllis Short was part of the Women’s Contingent .  We know the names of two other members of this contingent: the leader Maud Brown and  of special interest to me, Maggie Airey from Chopwell.

I am grateful to Bernadette Hyland for her work on Maud Brown – see Celebrate IWD; Maud Brown and the Hunger Marches  . I contacted Bernadette to enquire if she had any additional information, her response was swift and gracious, Maud is a fascinating character, she can be seen leading the contingent in this image.

However my focus is on Phyllis and Maggie, and so, as ever, I have now set myself another task. I aim to identify both Phyllis and Maggie in the photographs of the Women’s section. Unfortunately we have no images of them from the 1930s, there is one of Phyllis in her 80s. I know it won’t be a swift process and indeed may fail, but I feel it will be as rewarding as my aim to identify the location of the Stockton NUWM photograph.

We know a fair amount about Phyllis’ work for Women’s rights after the Second World War; Rosie Serdiville and I have plans to write about this further. I have already written about Maggie Airey; an article was published in ¡NO PASARÁN! the IBMT magazine. Maggie’s sweet-heart was Wilf Jobling, it fell to Charlie Woods the Communist Party district secretary to tell his niece, Maggie that Wilf had been killed fighting with the British Battalion at Jarama. Charlie himself had taken part in the 1934 Hunger March alongside Wilf. Rosie and I also intend to write Maggie’s story.

My interest in the image of the Stockton men crossing the Tyne Bridge has not ended, as I still wish to identify these men, and I may have made a breakthrough.